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shows different levels of impairment upon grazing, potentially due to differences in detoxification abilities or adaptations to the toxins following post-exposure [20], [21].
For example, species differences in coumarin-induced hepatotoxicity appear to be due to differences in detoxification pathways [ 72].
Thus, the inconsistent results relating alcohol consumption to breast cancer risk might be explained by genetic differences in detoxification enzymes in the study populations.
Therefore, any studies where significant, and perhaps toxic, effects are seen at or below the Cmax, would suggest that the read-across hypothesis is not universally applicable, perhaps as a consequence of differences in detoxification mechanisms between humans and non-target organisms.
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In addition, an age correlated difference in detoxification physiology is suggested by the results.
There are clear species variations in susceptibility, and this variability may in part reflect the interspecies differences in intestinal detoxification to de-epoxy DON (Yoshizawa et al. 1986), with humans possibly lacking this putative detoxification route (Sundstøl Eriksen and Pettersson 2003).
The contribution of TAE in PST accumulation is discussed and might result from differences in assimilation and detoxification abilities among individuals.
Limited toxico-kinetic data in humans exist, and there may be differences in the primary detoxification pathways; additional toxicokinetic data are needed to gain a better understanding.
As the cell lines exhibit a similar chemosensitivity pattern to that observed in clinical practice, these differences in glutathione and detoxification enzyme levels may prove to be important indicators of intrinsic drug resistance often seen in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.
However, EMB-induced fold change may be moderate; Chilean EMB-resistant Caligus rogercresseyi only had moderate differences in expression of detoxification (e.g., cytochrome P450s) or transport genes (multidrug resistance protein 1 (mrp1); Pgp1) as detected by semi-quantitative PCR (Cárcamo et al. 2011).
Further, the two different OPs evoked distinguishable changes in gene expression; about half the differences are in genes involved in detoxification, likely reflecting differences in the chemical structure of the two OPs.
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