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Laws was also asked about the controversial views of Prof Robert Plomin, who has claimed that half the differences in attainment between pupils had genetic causes.
"Our research continues to show very large differences in attainment between children born at the start and end of the academic year, which affects the post-compulsory education options open to them," said Claire Crawford, programme director of the IFS and one of the report's authors.
Differences in attainment between Asian and black students mostly disappeared when socioeconomic status was taken into account.
The differences in attainment between men and women were substantially reduced when we made comparisons between women who had always worked full time throughout their career and men.
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Moreover, when using the MDRD-6 formula and calibrated serum creatinine values, there were no longer significant differences in attainment of PTH treatment targets between the centers.
Likewise, we found interesting differences in education attainment between Pakistani and White British women.
This is not surprising, because there were huge differences in educational attainment between Roma and non-Roma mothers in this study (table 1), and because maternal education has been previously shown to be the key determinant of low birth weight, preterm birth, intrauterine growth and infant mortality in the Czech population [ 18, 19].
But we can't just throw money at the problem and expect these differences in attainment to disappear.
Throughout this paper we have presented differences in attainment of white and non-white students in terms of standard effect sizes, with d being the difference between the groups in terms of standard deviations of the white students (the larger group).
Our research question was "can a brief self-affirmation task reduce ethnic differences in attainment in medical school examinations?".
There was no difference in grade attainment between boys and girls (mean difference: 0.2 grades; 95% CI: −0.2, 0.7 grades; P = 0.312).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com