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Contrast images of the differences between the specified conditions were calculated for each subject.
Likewise, the differences between the specified groups were analyzed by age and educational level.
Afterwards, contrast-images (i.e., estimates of the raw-score differences between the specified conditions) were calculated for each subject.
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Figure 8 shows how the absolute value of the difference between the specified and the measured crossover frequency was distributed over eleven valid measurements from the given experiment with an error-free system under test.
The equations of the system are the differences between the final pressure of the pipes that end at the same network nodes and the difference between the specified and calculated design variables.
The scaling analysis allows to reduce problem parametric space to two lumped dimensionless parameters with the meaning of the solid toughness and of the tip underpressure (difference between the specified pressure in the tip cavity and the far field confining stress).
In the optimization section, the computation of the monomer feed rate is performed because the solution of a constrained optimization problem where the batch time is the performance index which is minimized and the difference between the specified and obtained PSDs (error) and the heat removal capacity of the reactor jacket enter as constrains.
The model with Time alone was found to be the best model for predicting the probability of recapture (p), and thus p remains as a constant in this model; npar shows the number of parameters; QAICc is the adjusted AIC value following correction for overdipersion, and ∆QAICc shows the difference between the specified model and the 'best' model.
Φ (the probability of survival) remains as a constant in this model; npar shows the number of parameters; QAICc is the adjusted AIC value following correction for overdipersion, and ∆QAICc shows the difference between the specified model and the 'best' model.
It can be calculated by decreasing the bandwidth that can be allocated in prescheduled frames from the newly generated bandwidth, which is the difference between the bandwidths specified in the BRm- 1,x and BR m,n messages.
On the other hand, in the bipolar mode, the voltage differences between two specified electrodes are recorded, where each pair forms a channel.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com