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The second form of adaptation (which we call adaptive scaling) is less conventional, with increases and decreases in neural firing above and below baseline remaining constant across a range of actual differences between the quantities of predicted and actual reward [Tobler et al., 2005].
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After controlling for the characteristics of patients, the difference between the quantities consumed in the two hospital types would be a good estimation of the inducement in the private hospital.
The variation of a measured expression ratio is critical in determining whether the observed ratio is due to random measurement fluctuations or to a true difference between the quantities being measured.
By shifting the read-out window, it is possible to obtain images whose contrast is related to the difference between the quantities of water and fat protons (opposed-phase images) [ 3].
So, for example, if I ask how an excise tax will affect the price of coffee, I start by asking how that tax would affect the excess supply of coffee — the difference between the quantity of coffee demanded and the quantity supplied — holding the price constant; then I ask how much the price of coffee has to fall to eliminate that excess supply.
(varDelta_{i}) changes every round, decided by the difference between the quantity needed and purchased.
"There is a difference between the quantity of money you have and the way you use it.
Both for the 1 µL and the 2 µL droplets, there was a significant difference between the quantity of water and quinine droplets imbibed (1 µL droplets: Wilcoxon sign ranks test; Z = 2.52, p<0.05; 2 µL droplets: Z = 2.52, p<0.05).
Our study has shown that there is very little difference between the quantity and quality of chloroplast DNA sequenced by Illumina shotgun sequencing compared with 454 sequencing of enriched chloroplast DNA.
In this view, there are either no tonal differences between the contrastive quantity categories, or, at least any such differences would be non-systematic and accidental [39].
Figures 18(d)‒(f) shows the percentage difference between the two quantities, which is in the range of [22%, 24%] basically.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com