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To compare this sum score and to assess potential statistical differences between the offspring of patients with bipolar disorder (OBD) and the offspring of patients with depressive disorder (ODD), t-tests as well as Fisher's exact tests were used.
For analyses of differences between the offspring and controls, we calculated robust standard errors to adjust for family relationship.
Each split is based on a single value of predictor from an exhaustive search of all available predictors to maximize the differences between the offspring branches.
Differences between the offspring of single and multiple mated females in these quantities could, in nature, offset differences in the number of F1 or F2 offspring produced.
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Even if this were the case, all of the parents received exactly the same amount of stress, so this factor alone cannot explain the mean difference between the offspring of HE and LE parents.
> -wrap-foot> For the CpG sites which showed evidence of methylation difference between the offspring of smokers and non-smokers at age 17 [ AHRR (cg05575921), MYO1G (CYP1A12788), CYP1and(CNTNAP2655) and CNTNAP2 (cg25949550); Fig. 4], we followed up the association between methylation at these sites and own smoking among the adolescents (Supplementary Material, Table S4).
At both P3 and P30, the estimated total DNA content of the hippocampal pyramidal layer showed no significant differences between the male offspring of saline-control and cocaine-treated mothers (Fig. 1c).
The fact that there was little difference observed between the offspring of wild- and hatchery-born coho reared in the same environment suggests that there may not be a strong genetic difference between the two groups.
The difference between the two offspring genotype vectors has an expected value of zero at each locus, under the null hypothesis of no linkage or no association with the disease locus under study.
Conversely, a recent study of DNA methylation in newborns found no difference in methylation between the offspring of mothers who never smoked and those who smoked early in pregnancy (23).
Further supporting the differences between subtypes, offspring of lithium responder (LiR) parents with BD have been shown to be significantly more socially successful than those of lithium non-responder (LiNR) (e.g., Duffy et al. 2002).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com