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The first row shows the sum of the differences between the benchmark and ex-post sector-wise primary inputs.
Differences between the benchmark solutions and the analytic expressions based on the refined theory and the classical shell theory are analysed and discussed.
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The difference between the benchmark German ten-year bond yields has also widened, with investors buying German government debt.
The estimation error is defined as the absolute difference between the benchmark value and the estimations given by all algorithms.
To quantify the degree to which the actual distribution of health changes deviates from distributional neutrality, we then define P in each case as the difference between the benchmark function θCI ss and the actual CI of health changes CI f − s, s.
Another notable difference between the benchmarks is that the count vector forms of the four circular fingerprints with diameter 4 and 6 improved the results for the single-assay benchmark, but were uniformly worse for the multi-assay and Riniker Landrum benchmarks (except for a single instance where the value not was significantly different).
As a result, the differences in location between the benchmark and non-migrants will give some idea of the size of the source bias.
Differences between the current projection and benchmark scenario paths are largest in the Central and West African countries (n=22), where annual changes in the benchmark scenario were on average 3.2 times higher than those changes according to current projections (Table 2).
In contrast, differences between the current projection and benchmark scenario are substantially smaller in the South and East African countries (n=19), where the average annual change required to meet the benchmark scenario is 1.7 times higher than current projections.
Information such as the number or type of included studies and whether quality appraisal of studies was performed, were extracted to help explain potential differences (if applicable) in results between the benchmark and non-benchmark paper.
Differences between projections and the benchmark scenario in these two countries are substantial (Table 3).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com