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In the present study, we test whether body size differences between contestants affect outcome differently in male and female contests.
Self-reinforcing processes like these give rise to winner-take-all markets, in which small differences between contestants often produce enormous differences in economic reward.
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Because within-replicate size differences between contestant females are very difficult to eliminate completely, the relative mass difference between contestants was also included in the initial statistical model.
Body size asymmetry between contestants was represented by the relative size difference between contestants calculated as RSD = (focal fish SL − opponent fish SL /mean SL of both.
Body size differences (mean ± standard deviation) between contestants were 0.48 ± 0.34 cm in female contests and 0.66 ± 0.48 cm in male contests.
Contest outcome could be inferred from behavioral differences between the contestants.
In the analysis of tied contestants, correlations between contestants in the same contest were accounted for by including "contest" as a third random factor.
The data suggest no connection between escalation and body size differences between opponents, as RSD between mouth-wrestling contestants ranged from 0.01 to 0.18 (mean = 0.08).
The strong competitive rivalry between contestants proved very good for the advancement of flying.
Nonparametric statistics were also used to analyse effects of the size differences of contestants, as these differences were strongly skewed towards small values.
Interactions between contestants were categorized as: non-aggressive, chase, bite, sting and fight (mutual grappling), with the latter four considered to be aggressive [ 12].
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