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Kappa coefficients were also calculated for the two different levels of CBV, in order to distinguish whether the data could demonstrate any difference in validity of motion palpation in detecting a 'fixation' at different spinal levels (C2-3 compared to C5-6).
A difference in validity of included studies may affect the conclusions of a systematic review.
Spiess et al. [ 26] also did not find a significant difference in validity of the K-10 in detecting depression and anxiety disorders among HIV infected South Africans across gender, age, education, or ethnicity categories.
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4– 5, 7– 9 Differences in validity of HF discharge diagnoses reflect the fact that HF is a complex syndrome with clinical criteria that are less clear-cut compared to other diagnoses.
The trends observed in the training data when applying the internal validation procedure translated very well to how the models performed when applied to the test data with an average absolute difference in the validity of 0.02 and 0.01 for active and inactive compounds respectively.
In the test sample, there was no difference in the validity of the sialolithiasis diagnosis between areas with low and high incidence (p=0.880).
A study by the Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry (ATSDR) revealed no evidence of "litigation bias" among subjects being followed for health effects from trichloroethylene in their drinking water with no statistically significant difference in the validity of the survey responses from litigant versus non-litigant populations [ 76].
Neither have the differences in validity and timeliness of this data from different European countries.
The varying associations could also partly relate to differences in validity or bias of self-reported fish consumption, compared with toenail mercury as an objective biomarker.
Additional research in this area might also examine more closely the oldest old patients in home healthcare to determine if, at the patient level, they experience differential outcomes compared to the younger old and whether there are differences in the validity of the risk adjustment models currently in use.
We subsequently evaluated potential differences in the validity of the 3 secondary data sources across levels of urbanization (Table 3).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com