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We estimated the difference in the proportion of patients who used healthcare services, as a proxy for disease activity, between the hot and cold seasons and the difference in the standardised prevalence of comorbidities between severe and mild disease.
The standard textbook 10 was used to calculate the difference in the standardised prevalence and its 95% CI (see equation (15 4) and the 'parallel formula' to equation (15 10), respectively, in reference 10).
The difference in the standardised prevalence between severe and mild psoriasis was 3.1% (2.7% to 3.4%), 3.2% (2.8% to 3.6%) and 5.1% (4.7% to 5.6%) for concurrent diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia and hypertension, respectively.
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Differences in the standardised prevalence and its 95% CI were estimated using severity class III as reference.
For example, Muller-Nordhorn et al 1 showed substantial differences in the standardised mortality rate (SMR) between countries in a recent report of cardiovascular mortality across European countries.
Some studies reported either the difference in change or the standardised difference in change between continuing smokers and quitters, and hence data extraction of the effect estimate was straightforward.
There are major geographical differences in the age-standardised incidence of breast cancer (Ferlay et al, 2004) that cannot be entirely explained by variations in known risk factors between countries.
Figure 4B shows the difference in age-standardised relative survival between the two populations as a function of time for the same plausible scenario (A).
Hedges' g for the standardised mean difference in the change from baseline scores, comparing citalopram with the placebo group, was −0.27 (95% CI −0.38 to −0.16), which converted to a small but significant improvement score of 0.27.
After matching, there was marked attenuation in the standardised differences for all baseline characteristics.
13 A 6 point difference in the PRWE equates to a standardised effect size of 0.3, for an assumed standard deviation (SD) of 20 points.
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