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Interestingly, there was no significant difference in the benefits conferred by the different types of retrieval practice; multiple-choice, short-answer, and hybrid questions following the reading were equally effective at enhancing the students' learning.
But this is not itself evidence of a higher moral status of the human being: the difference in the strength of reasons is fully explained by the vast difference in the benefits of aid in the two cases, and is fully compatible with the claim that the human and the rabbit have the same moral status.
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For the observed difference in the benefit of screening at different ages to be caused by confounding, however, there would have to be differences in the way confounders affect the results at different ages.
Those with Agatston score >100 did not have significant benefit, while those with score <100 had a marked reduction in events with intensive glycemic control, with nearly a 10-fold difference in the benefit ratio (15).
To determine the risk-benefit profile of a therapeutic option it is necessary to determine the difference in the risk (i.e. the incremental risk or ΔR), the difference in the benefit (i.e. the incremental benefit or ΔB), and the ratio of both (i.e. the incremental risk-benefit ratio or IRBR) that such option has compared to a reference, usually placebo or the standard of treatment.
Breaking up the 30-minute average per day makes no difference in the benefit.
Second, sexual conflict may be a selective force acting on AR CAGn, specifically if fitness optima for AR responsivity and polyglutamine repeat number differ between men and women owing to differences in the benefits or disease-related costs of repeat number.
Similarly, any differences in the benefits available to staff and senior managers are likely to diminish collegiality and increase hostility.
While men are at higher risk than women to default ART [17], one study reported no substantial sex differences in the benefits of ART [18].
There are nevertheless substantial differences in the benefits catalogue.
This might also explain the time course differences in the benefits that we observed.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com