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The difference in smokers was not statistically significant, and in regression models, smoking was not a significant confounder on birth weight or GWG.
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The study examined racial/ethnic differences in smokers' intentions to quit smoking within the next 6 months.
However, irrespective of smoking status and time of delivery, those with severe preeclampsia had lower birthweights than those with mild preeclampsia and transient hypertension, but without significant differences in smokers who delivered preterm.
In addition, the bottom-up methodology used in this study provides better adjustment for the actual impact of smoking on health conditions and for population characteristics as it considers other differences in smokers and non-smokers regarding education and other risky behaviours besides smoking.
Biomarkers of exposure in smokers confirm these differences across countries in cigarettes translate into differences in smoker exposures to tobacco-specific nitrosamines [ 16].
"The evidence is that graphic labels do make a difference in enticing smokers to stop smoking," he said.
We also found that adolescents who said that girls who smoke or chew tobacco are less attractive were 13% (OR = 0.87; 95%CI 0.86, 0.89) less likely to be smokers compared to those who said that there was no difference in attractiveness between smokers and non-smokers, or smokers were more attractive than non-smokers.
Another study [16] reported no difference in result between smokers and non-smokers after 2 years of follow-up.
There was no significant difference in complications between smokers and non-smokers (p = 0.54).
a P value <0.05 for difference in proportions between smokers and non-smokers.
b 0.05 ≤ P value < 0.10 for difference in proportions between smokers and non-smokers.
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