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Power ranged from 63.8 to 81.4% depending on sample size and mean difference in proficiency between groups.
Although the difference in proficiency for reading in German and for writing in German were significant between both groups, it was less relevant here, because the task of picture naming as well as the WAIS was a spoken task and did not entail reading or writing skills.
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In addition, all models indicated that the amount of PD differed between tracks, in that school track differences in proficiency were slightly reduced when PD was accounted for.
This study aims to ascertain the skills and competency levels of hospital managers in South Africa as determined by self assessment, and to find out whether there are any significant differences in proficiency levels between managers in the different sectors.
Next, we investigated whether PD affects the estimation of group differences in proficiency.
We also investigated whether accounting for PD would affect the estimation of group differences in proficiency.
Thus, when investigating group differences in proficiency, the extent to which the differences found might be caused by differences in PD instead of true differences in proficiency should be explored (DeMars et al. 2013; Denis and Gilbert 2012; Mittelhaëuser et al. 2015).
As a consequence, accounting for PD was expected to result in smaller group differences in proficiency between both school tracks.
However, the question of whether all models lead to a similar reduction in group differences in proficiency remained open.
The models were applied to the mathematics test in a large-scale study targeting school track differences in proficiency.
In order to study various within- and between-country-differences in proficiency patterns we classified a 10 point within-profile difference in achievement between domains as substantial.
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