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A higher difference in dominance strength results in a higher win chance for the dominant individual.
Under the Bradley Terry model, (1) the number of wins by animal i in n contests with animal j is a binomial random variable with parameters n and p ij ; and (2) the logit of p ij is equal to the difference in dominance indices between the animals, d i − d j.
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Positive feedback loops are known to give rise to differences among individuals; for instance, large differences in dominance ranking arose among individuals if winning a dominance interaction was self-reinforcing (Hemelrijk and Wantia 2005).
For the parameter settings chosen here, variation in fleeing frequency combined with variation in avoidance behavior (both due to differences in dominance strength) resulted in a clear central-peripheral group pattern (Fig. 3a): subordinates (avoiders) populated the group periphery, as they frequently avoided and fled from central dominants (avoidees).
In previous studies, we have obtained evidence that MHC-related differences in dominance of target antigens may be an important determinant of the observed variation in the parasite strain specificity of the CD8+ T-cell response in T. parva-immune animals 25.
Indeed we observed no significant difference in verbal dominance, or clear differences in verbal content, between the 'shared decision making' consultations of the computerised decision aids and the 'paternalistic' consultations involving paper-guidelines.
Left dominance was observed more often in males (62%) compared with females (38%), while previous retrospective studies indicate that there is no difference in coronary dominance with regard to gender.
To test whether group differences in hand dominance could influence the results, activation levels for non-dominant hand and dominant arm movements were extracted from a homologous ROI contralateral to the dominant hand, in an age-matched sub-group of the control participants.
In contrast to field studies that reveal complex social hierarchies among animals living in natural settings [5] [8], social competition experiments using rodents in a laboratory setting [9] [11] have enabled researchers greater control in investigating the causes of individual differences in social dominance.
However, little attention has been devoted to the possible confound of individual differences in hemispheric dominance for speech.
We also determined whether one's nation of citizenship and individual differences in social dominance orientation would moderate the effects.
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