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It adjusted the ratio among perturbation steps of different control variables during iterations according to the finite difference gradient.
At T-junction configurations, which occur wherever resolution differs between neighboring cells, use of the standard centred difference gradient stencil requires that ghost values be constructed by interpolation.
An improved simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation method guided by finite difference gradient was then proposed.
The energy difference gradient (g) and interstate coupling (h) vectors consisting the branching plane of MECI are also strongly affected.
In the present paper, finite difference gradient (FDG) algorithm as one of the easy implemented gradient-based family is used.
Let (x_{j}^) be the optimal solution obtained ((x_{j}^) is obtained by a quasi-Newton method and a finite difference gradient).
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Energy differences of 1 × 10-4 eV/andm and energy difference gradients of -0.02 eV/Å were used as convergence criteria.
The optimization methods are (i) the black-box method with finite difference gradients, (ii) a modification where gradients are found by an algorithm based on the implicit function theorem, and (iii) an all-atonce method where the flow and design variables are simultaneously altered.
Besides the altitudinal difference, gradients varied in steepness.
Fig. 3 Residuals of differences ("gradient") between Swarm Alpha and Charlie at non-polar latitudes and for non-sunlit conditions.
Wind occurs because of horizontal and vertical differences (gradients) in atmospheric pressure.
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