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The discretization errors are estimated from difference formulae of different consistency orders.
If the problem is time-dependent, we discretize the time derivative by means of backward difference formulae.
We solve the unsteady equations by advancing in time using a second-order backward difference formulae (BDF2) scheme.
We then extend the method to time-dependent problems by approximating the time derivative by means of backward difference formulae.
By using the weighted-shift Grünwald Letnikov and the fractional centered difference formulae to approximate the nonlocal fractional operators, we design a class of linearized finite difference schemes for the presented nonlocal model.
Generally, this metric is obtained by extending the color difference formulae to the color of a complex image.
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Grantham, R. Amino acid difference formula to help explain protein evolution.
The implicit finite difference formulas are derived from the governing equations, and programmed in MATLAB.
The motion is updated in time by using the backward difference formula through an iterative procedure.
To find the weights of these optimal finite difference formulas we solve an optimization problem.
The explicit formula is derived using the differential property of convolution and the central difference formula of acceleration.
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