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The derivatives are approximated using the central difference formula.
Central difference formula is used for temporal discretization.
The motion is updated in time by using the backward difference formula through an iterative procedure.
Finally, the difference is calculated usually by a color difference formula.
(ii) Now, approximate the first-order system using central difference formula about the mid-point.
Central difference formula and quintic B-spline are used for discretizing time and space variables, respectively.
The approximate solution is based on central difference formula and B-spline collocation method.
The equations of motion and of design sensitivity are discritized by using the backward difference formula (BDF) in time domain.
The explicit formula is derived using the differential property of convolution and the central difference formula of acceleration.
A comparative study with another group iterative scheme derived from the centred difference formula is also presented.
For non-linear equations, proposed flux finite difference formula requires no explicit upwind and downwind split of the flux.
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