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The difference equilibrium matrix (4) can be reduced to the twin governing difference equations of equilibrium as: 1 ψ Δ x ∇ x C x, y + 1 φ Δ y ∇ y C ¯ x, y = ( Δ x + Δ y ) ( F x, y - Q x, y ) + ( Δ x - Δ y ) ( W x, y - R x, y ) (5) 1 ψ Δ x ∇ x T x, y + 1 φ Δ y ∇ T ¯ y C ¯ x, y = ( Δ x + Δ y ) ( E x E Y F x, y - Q x, y ) + ( ∇ x - ∇ y ) ( E x W x, y - E y R x, y ).
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It has revealed the profound difference between equilibrium and non-equilibrium mechanisms, prefigured in Hopfield's earlier work [ 25], but the remarkable complexity that we have uncovered away from equilibrium presents a formidable challenge.
Different from the conventional gas-kinetic BGK scheme [1], a simple way is presented in this work to evaluate the non-equilibrium distribution function, which is calculated by the difference of equilibrium distribution functions at the cell interface and its surrounding points.
Similar to the sigma value defined for comparison of mean activity coefficients, the sigma value for the difference in equilibrium quotient is defined as: where log Qexp is the experimental equilibrium quotient at certain ionic strength (in molality) in logarithmic unit, log Qpred is the equilibrium quotient at the same strength in logarithmic unit predicted by using the SIT model.
We share an inherent survival instinct, and there is a wealth gap in the world that, like all systems based on difference, seeks equilibrium.
The difference in equilibrium prices for collusion and Cournot will decrease with costs.
At ambient temperature the separation obtained with the silicalite-1 membrane is based on a difference in equilibrium adsorption.
It can be calculated by the difference of equilibrium distribution functions at the cell interface and its surrounding point.
for (half) the difference between equilibrium magnetisation M 0 and the instantaneous value M t) at time t after complete inversion, i.e. m(0)=M 0and m=0 at equilibrium.
The difference in equilibrium t frequency to the model without female multiple mating is shown in Figure 1D.
However, microbial detrimental mutation rates are very low (U ≤ 0.001) [ 29, 35, 36] and so if the MD idea applies one might not have expected to see a measurable difference in equilibrium fitness between sexuals and asexuals in these experiments.
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