The differences documented may account for some of the differences in migrant group location and, given that characteristics diverge, help explain the growing differences in destination locations identified earlier.
The differences documented in [33], [34] could reflect differential outcomes of early developmental events [21], [35].
The difference in heat tolerance between urban and rural ants resembles differences documented within species that span latitudinal and altitudinal clines [reviewed by 24].
Therefore, quantitative differences appear to be due to subtle phenotypic and genotypic changes in the complex physiology of the mouse strains, which have been separated by inbreeding for many generations (compare Ref. 12 and the literature cited therein for divergence by random mutations and various phenotypic differences documented for congenic strains).
However, their analysis is not directly comparable because it was done at the family level and different habitats were analyzed on different atolls (back-reefs on Palmyra, fore-reefs on Kiritimati and Tabuaeran); they also surprisingly failed to observe significant differences in benthic composition among atolls, in contrast to the strong differences documented here (Fig. 3C).
Our data showed more AH in men and confirmed gender associated differences documented in other research [ 20, 41].
The methanogenesis pathways in the M. acetivorans model were modified to account for known differences documented in the literature.
It is thus possible that the differences documented in our study are underestimated and that the true variability in process and outcome measures is even greater.
The differences in product distribution suggest that bovine trypsin cleaves the Ub Ub dimer with more fidelity than porcine trypsin, not surprising in view of the significant differences documented recently in proteolysis of albumin by porcine and bovine trypsin.
Also, it could be that there may be phenotypic plasticity in the genus since phenotypic differences documented previously could be largely influenced by local environments, and therefore, artificial selection would be acting on features that have a low heritability.
