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The t distribution can also be used to construct confidence intervals for the true mean of a population (the first application) or for the difference between two sample means (the second application).
It is an appropriate test to judge the significance of difference between two sample means with unknown population variance.
where k is the difference between two sample points, and  ( k, F D ) is the original complex ambiguity function for the simple pulse signal  ( k, F D ) = e j 2 Π F D k / 2 τj 2 Π F D e j 2 Π F D τ − k 2 − e − j 2 Π F D τ − k 2 (33).
20 We calculated Cohen's d as the difference between two sample means divided by a pooled standard deviation for the data.
It has also been argued that the difference between two sample means is a better estimate of effect difference than zero [ 9].
Descriptive analyses were performed and the Z test for independent proportions was used to calculate the difference between two sample proportions.
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According to the Biology-Online.org biology dictionary (//www.biology-online.org/dictionary.asp), a hypothesis is "a proposal intended to explain certain facts or observations" and a null hypothesis is "the assumption that any observed difference between two samples of a statistical population is purely accidental and not due to systematic causes".
where ∥.∥ defined as the vector module representing the difference between two samples.
The crucial physical difference between two samples is found from the optical bandgap value.
The two-sided Wilcoxon signed rank test examines the null hypothesis that the median difference between two samples is zero, against the alternative hypothesis that it is not.
The colour difference between two samples, e.g. between the aged and unaged substitute textiles, is described by ΔE00* which is the distance in 3D CIELAB colour space between the points that describe the colour of these samples.
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