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The state space parameters are divided into two parts: a common part related to the uttered speech (assuming a parallel training set) and a differentia part related to the difference between the speakers.
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Second, the analyses of the nogo decision latencies yielded no difference between the three speaker groups in the nogo/position condition.
Others asked rhetorically, "If you don't speak up, who will?" The answer was still unclear -- until I realized one significant difference between the two camps: the speakers' own status as one of society's in or out-groups.
Based on this class information, the two weight contours drawn in Figure 1c show subtle but clear differences between the true speaker and the most competing speaker.
Following the reasoning that no certain conclusion should be drawn from the absence of a difference between the control and the speaker groups, we can no longer ascertain that the hand choice was connected with the encoding of the propositional content in the nogo/position condition of the main experiment.
There is no appreciable sonic difference between the quality of a Crosley speaker and a laptop speaker.
And in a year when the difference between Democrats losing 35 or 40 House seats is the difference between having Speaker Nancy Pelosi or Speaker John Boehner, every district matters.
Likewise there should be some mental difference between a speaker in the actual world who uses 'aluminium' to refer to aluminium and a speaker in another world, where the instances of aluminium and molybdenum are swapped (pans and cans are made of molybdenum there), who uses 'aluminium' to refer to molybdenum.
The difference between a professional speaker and the rest of us mere mortals is that the professionals take steps to manage their nerves, they make preparation and practice a priority - and they know that whatever happens, they'll get through it.
The multiple comparisons applying Bonferroni adjusted alpha levels of.0167 revealed that the control group was considerably faster than the Chinese and the Polish groups, whereas the difference between the control and the German speaker groups was not significant.
There was no significant difference between the native and non-native Chinese speakers in these regions.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com