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In consideration of the inevitable discrepancies in different concrete beams due to specimen preparation and sensor installation, principal component analysis based on statistical parameters extracted from wave signals was applied to highlight the difference between benchmark and damaged rebar.
Public programs commonly hedge against paying 'undeserved' savings [ 18], by requiring that the difference between benchmark and provider expenditures passes a minimum threshold level.
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However, the results varied more than expected and there were greater differences between benchmarks and scoring methods.
The spread, or yield difference, between benchmark Greek debt and German bunds widened to the most on record.
Fee pressure in a year is measured as the difference between benchmark "normal" audit fees and actual audit fees.
The first row shows the sum of the differences between the benchmark and ex-post sector-wise primary inputs.
This work presents the results achieved through several trials conducted on the use of high precision trigonometric levelling for measurement of height difference between benchmarks at opposite sides of streams.
The estimation error is defined as the absolute difference between the benchmark value and the estimations given by all algorithms.
Despite a range of unusual liquidity injections, central banks in the United States, Europe and Britain have been unable to bring down spreads — the difference between their benchmark policy rates and rates that banks charge one another for short-term loans.
The difference between the benchmark rate in Brazil and consumer credit is much higher than it is in the U.S.
To quantify the degree to which the actual distribution of health changes deviates from distributional neutrality, we then define P in each case as the difference between the benchmark function θCI ss and the actual CI of health changes CI f − s, s.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com