Hosts differ in the costs they incur to insure their particular levels of resistance and tolerance, and in the intensity of the response they mount against pathogens.
As in the yeast-limited environment, lines did not differ in the costs experienced (LINE × INJECTION (bacteria vs. control): F39,380 = 0.817, p = 0.777).
Alternatively, populations could differ in the costs and benefits associated with coinfection, causing natural selection to favor different responses to infection and coinfection in different populations.
Using a within-subject design, we also investigate the importance of the bargaining power by comparing the subjects' behavior in the ultimatum and the no-veto-cost game, which differ in the possible cost of responders rejecting the proposers' offer.
In a study by Brackenbury and Elsayed (1985), it was hypothesized that the sexes of layer chickens would differ in the metabolic cost of locomotion due to differences in the proportions of total metabolic energy devoted to reproduction (Brackenbury and Elsayed, 1985).
The path selection schemes differ in the way the cost of a path is defined and in the assumption made about the knowledge of the traffic demands.
CONC and TDA however differ in the way selection costs are computed.
Besides, they also differ in the time and costs associated to data collection.
However, it is possible that treatment-switching patterns may potentially differ in the real world, resulting in different costs and outcomes.
As outlined earlier, although these models differ in the mechanisms invoked to explain orientation costs (e.g., spatial normalization or alignment, evidence accumulation, mental rotation, etc), collectively they claim that shape features are inherently bound to their spatial location in the image and, hence, to object orientation.
