Ustin and Gamon (2010) proposed the new concept of "optical types" (OT), meaning "optically distinguishable functional types", as a way to better understand remote sensing signals related to the actual functional behavior of species that share common physiognomic forms but differ in functionality.
Magnetic cell sorting is gaining in popularity as a method to separate and recover viable cells which differ in functionality, but not in physical characteristics.
Finally, it will be important to determine if the quiescent and proliferative beta-cells in zebrafish also differ in functionality, as reported for quiescent and proliferative mouse beta-cells based on differential expression of flat-top 18.
The derivatives differ in functionality since one possesses simple quaternary ammonium group whereas the other one is carboxybetaine ester containing quaternary ammonium group with pH hydrolysable ester group as a pendant.
Our experiments included the following unique features: Subjects were presented with multiple inaccessible tools, which differed in functionality and were spatially and visually separated from the food reward.
Similar results were also found in a previous study of S. paradoxus, where frequencies of DAs were compared between categories of sites differing in functionality (Vishnoi et al. 2011).
None of the PSS identified in Group 2 were identical with the PSS in Group 1, confirming that these two groups are under different selection pressures, and hence probably differ in their functionality.
All these grids differ in some functionality or the other, though the basic principle over which the grids are built is the same.
Chemical crosslinking methodologies take advantage of the enormous diversity of available crosslinking reagents that differ in chemical functionality, reactivity, and size (Wong and Jameson 2012).
When applied to biological systems, development models need to show how cell differentiation occurs where a single cell will eventually produce multiple cells that differ in its functionality after self-reproduction.
