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Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary field widely used for designing and managing complex engineering project, where the properties of a system as a whole may greatly differ from the sum of the parts' properties [37].
This means that the total genomic variance may differ from the sum of region-wise or chromosome-wise variance, because the latter would ignore covariance between the parts.
Furthermore, the combined effect of CPA and WIN55212-2 did not differ from the sum of the individual effects of each agonist (43% ± 8%; P > 0.7, paired Student's t-test, Figure 3(a)).
The fact that ESCRT-III heteropolymers differ from the sum of their parts supports a model in which subunits such as CHMP2A coassemble with CHMP4 to change the structure of the filament and its effects on membrane shape.
Although we found additive effects of the two predation types in the food intake, the combination of both predation types did not differ from the sum of their single effects (no emergent effects) in this variable.
Due to the fundamental limit on the number of exponential terms that can be resolved from experimental data, the total number of the resolved lifetimes in the double-Trp-containing protein (e.g., Trp42/Trp130) may differ from the sum of the numbers of lifetimes in the corresponding two single-Trp-containing proteins (e.g., Trp42-only and Trp130-only).
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SMN risk after combined modality treatment (radiotherapy and systemic therapy combined) may differ from the summed risks seen after either treatment type alone – with larger risks after combined modality treatment implying synergistic effects of different treatments, and smaller risks implying antagonistic effects.
When the components of nonideal solutions are mixed, the volume of the mixture ordinarily differs from the sum of the volumes of the pure components, and heat is evolved or absorbed.
It differs from the sum of the average times because the number of observations per service step varies.
Interaction in epidemiology commonly refers to the situation where the joint effect of two risk factors on disease risk differs from the sum of their independent effects.
To assess whether the excess risk of having ipaH and an additional microbe differed from the sum of the excess risk of having each separately (i.e., additive interaction), we estimated the relative excess risk caused by the interaction (RERI, also called the interaction contrast ratio [ICC]) (20 – 20 ).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com