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In addition to obvious differences such as small size and short lifespan, mice differ from humans in a range of anatomical, physiological, energetic, electrophysical, and mechanical properties that include heart rate, coronary artery structure, and contraction/relaxation kinetics.
Genetically, these groups differ from each other as much as they differ from humans.
Linnaeus, concerned exclusively with similarities in bodily structure, faced only the problem of distinguishing H. sapiens from apes (gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, and gibbons), which differ from humans in numerous bodily as well as cognitive features.
Accomplished runners differ from humans and monkeys in that the proximal sector of the leg humerus in the forelimb, femur in the hind limb; i.e., the portion closer to the limb's insertion in the body proper is short.
However, such models of object classification differ from humans in a crucial, alarming, and even bizarre way: They are vulnerable to attack by an "adversary", such that a second model can be trained to produce images that "fool" the image-recognition model into misclassifying12,13,14,15,16,17.
However, the metabolic pathways and tissue distribution patterns of an antibiotic in animals may differ from humans.
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However, in addition to species differences, the exposure levels and exposure routes used in animal studies may differ from human exposure.
Despite their biological inspiration and performance achievements, these systems differ from human intelligence in crucial ways.
Most studies have examined adipocyte differentiation in murine cell lines, which differ from human adipocytes in many of the requirements for differentiation.
However, skin properties differ from human to human and from one location on the body to another; this results in different configurations of the areas affected by injuries.
Our knowledge of muscle biology, disease and treatment is largely derived from non-human cell models, even though non-human cells are known to differ from human cells in their biochemical responses.
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