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According to Ben's research and that of others: "Urban badgers differ in their behaviour and ecology to rural populations in terms of diet, population dynamics, social organisation and ranging/dispersal behaviour".
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Females from low quality diet populations laid fewer, larger sized eggs and had lower hatching success.
It is also possible that females from the low quality diet populations impose greater costs for a given duration of feeding than females from the high quality diet populations.
Females from the high quality diet populations laid almost 45 percent more eggs in two weeks (Figure 2A) and had greater than 10 percent higher hatching success (Figure 2B) than females from the low quality diet populations.
Males from the high quality diet populations were marginally more attractive (Figure 1C) and lived approximately 10 days longer (Figure 1D) than males from the low quality diet populations.
For males, however, the maintenance of current reproductive investment in the low quality diet populations may have come at a significant cost in the form of a shorter adult lifespan.
These possible causes are not mutually exclusive so it is possible that changes in the allocation of resources, the direct costs imposed by females and the physiological costs of a low protein or high carbohydrate diet all contributed to the poorer survival of males from the low quality diet populations.
53, 54 Although S. bovis increased two-fold on the first step-up diet, populations decreased on the remaining three diets suggesting the step-up diets were effective in adaptation to a high-concentrate diet.
For instance, the salivary amylase gene (AMY1) copy number varies considerably across populations and correlates with dietary starch prevalence, which supports the hypothesis of positive selection acting on AMY1 copy number in high-starch diet populations [ 30].
It is important to expand these studies to non-Western diet populations in order to fully understand the range of variation of the gut microbiota and how gut microbes have co-evolved with humans.
Kenya is experiencing a growing demand for milk and dairy products driven by their strong tradition of including milk in diets, population growth, expanding urbanisation, a rising middle class and export opportunities (Rademaker et al. 2016).
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