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Olsson et al. (2011) note that the original studies estimated diesel exposure "using expert case-by-case assessment" by local experts and took into account the increasing use of diesels over time, which was considered a strength of the method.
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Based on comparable data as shown in Figure 4, Ajanovic[14] argues that 'the largest part of saving over time was brought about by overall efficiency improvements for both gasoline and diesel cars.
"People change over time.
At least three factors must be considered: (i) reductions in diesel emissions over time due to improvements in diesel engine technologies and fuels; (ii) the associated time lag associated with the introduction of new diesel engines into the workplace; and (iii) the era of diesel engine and fuel technology for the relevant exposures (factoring in 20-years latency) of the study population.
The JEM method "did not take into account changes in the use of diesel engines over time".
In addition, not taking into account an increasing trend of diesel engines over time may contribute to multiple dimensions of exposure misclassification".
(Olsson et al., 2011 ) "The high prevalence of exposure is also a consequence of the nature of a JEM, namely to assign everybody in a given job code the same exposure, whereas individual assessments give the opportunity for attributing exposure to some people in a job but not others, and to take into account an increasing trend of diesel engines over time.
The U.S. EPA has tightened NOx standards for new on- and off-road diesels several times over the last 15 years, and also recently required additional NOx reductions from in-use 1993 1998 model year trucks (U.S. EPA 2002a, 2004c, 2004d).
"They're going to lose as much on the diesel fuel contracts over time as they make," he said of Burlington Northern.
This COH data set is well suited to the task of outlining the long-term impact of the business cycle on air pollution exposure from primarily diesel-related sources over time.
However, while petrol-fuelled cars emitted continuously less CO2 over time, diesel cars in Europe stalled emission intensity improvements between 2000 and 2005.
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