The CXMDJ diaphragm showed marked changes in fiber type composition unlike TC muscles, suggesting that the affected diaphragm may be effectively adapted toward dystrophic stress by switching to predominantly slow fibers.
In this model, PSV compared to PCV: decreased Pmean,L, hyperinflation, mean linear intercept, and amphiregulin mRNA expression in the lung; reduced right ventricular afterload; and increased ultrastructural damage to the diaphragm without inducing changes in biomarkers associated with proteolysis.
To assess pathological findings, a five-point, semi-quantitative, severity-based scoring system was used as follows: 0 = normal diaphragm, 1 = changes in 1 to 25%% of examined tissue, 2 = changes in 26 to 50%% of examined tissue, 3 = changes in 51 to 75%% of examined tissue, and 4 = changes in 76 to 100%% of examined tissue.
Pathological findings were graded on a five-point, semi-quantitative, severity-based scoring system as follows: 0 = normal lung parenchyma or diaphragm, 1 = changes in 1 to 25%, 2 = changes in 26 to 50%, 3 = changes in 51 to 75%, and 4 = changes in 76 to 100% of examined tissue.
The pathological findings were graded according to a five-point, semiquantitative, severity-based scoring system expressed as percentage of examined tissue: 0 = normal lung parenchyma or diaphragm, 1 = changes in 1% to 25%, 2 = changes in 26% to 50%, 3 = changes in 51% to 75% and 4 = changes in 76% to 100%.
The pathologic findings were graded according to a five-point semi-quantitative severity-based scoring system as follows: 0 = normal lung parenchyma or diaphragm, 1 = changes in 1 to 25%, 2 = changes in 26 to 50%, 3 = changes in 51 to 75%, and 4 = changes in 76 to 100% of examined tissue.
The pathologic findings were graded according to a 5-point semiquantitative severity-based scoring system, as follows: 0 = normal lung parenchyma or diaphragm, 1 = changes in 1% to 25%, 2 = changes in 26% to 50%, 3 = changes in 51% to 75%, and 4 = changes in 76% to 100% of the examined tissue.
The pathologic findings were graded according to a five-point semi-quantitative severity-based scoring system: 0 = normal lung parenchyma or diaphragm, 1 = changes in 1 to 25%, 2 = changes in 26 to 50%, 3 = changes in 51 to 75%, and 4 = changes in 76 to 100% of the examined tissue.
Factors associated with these patterns of diaphragm function as well as factors associated with changes in diaphragm function were assessed.
While a limited number of studies have examined the effects of hyperglycemia on the diaphragm, the majority of these reports have assessed changes in diaphragm force generation at much longer durations of hyperglycemia (four to eight weeks) compared to the current study, with some studies reporting increases in diaphragm specific force, while others report decreases [ 40, 41].
