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Three shell dimensions at each specimen of the studied taxa, i.e., the length, height, and width of the shell (all at the maximum diameter), were measured using calipers (±0.1 mm).
Root length, area, and diameter were measured using CIAS 2.0 image analysis software (CID, Inc., WA, USA).
Average length and diameter (mm): 31 single pellets were randomly chosen for each formulation and their length and diameter were measured using a precision vernier caliper.
The local two-phase flow parameters such as the void fraction, the interfacial velocity, the interfacial area concentration, and the mean bubble diameter were measured using a conductivity double-sensor two-phase void meter in bubbly and slug flow regimes.
The specific surface area (using BET and BJH methods), the total pore volume and the mean pore diameter were measured using a N2 adsorption desorption isotherm at liquid nitrogen temperature (−196 °C) using a NOVA 2200 instrument (Quantachrome, USA).
Bulk density (kg m−3): it was measured using 1 L plastic cylinder slowly hand filled to reduce compaction (Paré et al. 2009) Average length and diameter (mm): 31 single pellets were randomly chosen for each formulation and their length and diameter were measured using a precision vernier caliper.
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In addition, cell diameter was measured using a Leica Light Microscope M125 (Leica Microsystems).
Yarn diameter was measured using a leica microscope.
The liposome diameter was measured using a particle size analyzer (Zetasizer Nano ZS, Malvern Instruments Limited, Worcestershire, UK).
At least 40 nanofibers were selected from different SEM image, and the nanofiber diameter was measured using Image J 1.40 G software (NIH, USA).
Mini-ring diameter was measured using ImageJ software (http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/) for mini-rings that were parallel to the XY plane.
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