The dimension of openings such as diameter of openings, spacing of opening in case of circular openings and aspect ratio and fillet radius of corners in case of rectangular openings are taken from BS 5950 (2000) and SCI P355 (2011).
Local characteristics of a region can be retrieved as well: Fig. 5d shows how the local diameter of open porosity is measured by combining a skeletonization of the porosity channels, and the distance transforms to the other phase measured on the skeleton.
For this purpose, short stacks with different anode flow fields are designed and built by using different number of meshes with various wire diameters and widths of opening.
The range of opening diameters investigated by the metal replica method is narrower than the range of pore openings used in the resistive-pulse experiments due to limited availability of thicker polymer films irradiated with many ions.
D2: diameter of the opened implant.
PEX5 and PEX14 have been shown to form a dynamic ligand-gated channel capable of opening to a diameter of 9 nm [15], explaining the ability of peroxisomes to translocate folded proteins without compromising membrane integrity.
For MscS these parameters are expression level (representing assembly and stability of the heptamer), gating threshold (representing the ease of the structural transition to the open state), conductance (representing the diameter of the open pore), and open dwell time (representing the relative stabilities of the open and closed forms of the channel) (23).
Previous attempts to measure the diameters of open channels using fluorescence techniques have suffered from issues caused by the use of large numbers of fluorescent molecules.
Here, d e is the effective diameter of the pinhole opening taking into account the possible penetration of the gamma rays through the edges of the pinhole aperture and R i is the intrinsic spatial resolution of the gamma detector.
d e denotes the effective diameter of the pinhole opening accounting for penetration of gamma rays through the edges of the pinhole aperture {mathit{mathsf{R}}}_{mathit{mathsf{s}}}=sqrt{{left[{mathit{mathsf{d}}}_{mathit{mathsf{e}}}left(mathsf{1}+frac{mathsf{1}}{mathit{mathsf{M}}}right)right]}^{mathsf{2}}+{left[frac{{mathit{mathsf{R}}}_{mathit{mathsf{i}}}}{mathit{mathsf{M}}}right]}^{mathsf{2}}} (1).
The hinge motion causes the S1 and KH domains in chain F to move away from the central channel and thus increases the diameter of the pore opening.
