In 1999, dozens of consumer electronics companies, record labels and Internet music start-ups joined forces under the name S.D.M.I. to devise the standard, agreeing to embrace technology that complied with it.
Robert Lucas devised the standard model for studying economic systems.
Quill had also devised the standard testing procedures which, with variations for specific aircraft designs, operated from 1938.
Doug Wakefield, who helped devise the standards, estimated that hundreds of agencies and at least 4,000 Web sites would be affected.
The same governing body could also devise the standards for continuing education courses that managers would need to take to maintain the CBP license over time.
Mr. Navarra, who had also helped organize marathons throughout the country, was credited with devising the now-standard system for kicking off a major marathon, with three starting corrals and three separate athlete villages, providing food and entertainment for the runners in the nervous hours before the race.
In 2006 a consortium including Visa, MasterCard, American Express and Discover helped devise the PCI/DDS standard for providing secure communication for transactions over the Internet.
UNICEF also devised the conceptual standards for child-friendly schools to ensure a safe and enabling school environment for all children.
In devising the prototypes, "we looked at standard checkout counters," said Mark Rolston, chief creative officer.
"We can treat them earlier," said Dr. Charles P. O'Brien, a professor of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania and the head of the group of researchers devising the manual's new addiction standards.
