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This can be a result of multiple and conflicting or low quality studies, or merely from variation in the data as reflected in standard deviations surrounding a mean estimate.
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However, most of the measurement errors may be relatively inconspicuous and may need to be detected as deviations from their surrounding values and trends.
The proposed GA technique is characterised by transforming input images into a feature domain, where each pixel is represented by its mean and standard deviation inside a surrounding window of size 9 × 9 pixel.
During recovery, the temperature along the fracture surface approaches the temperature of the bulk rock with the deviation from the surrounding bulk temperature decaying as 1/√t where t is the recovery time.
The standard deviation of the surrounding oil can estimate the noise because of its reliable signal.
The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was calculated as the mean attenuation value of the ROI/standard deviation of the surrounding oil attenuation value.
Regions inside a tooth were defined as a caries lesion if they showed a signal brighter than the mean value plus two times the standard deviation of the surrounding tooth that did not belong to the pulp.
The mean AUROC and AUPR represent the average performance of BVSA, and the standard deviation represents the uncertainty surrounding the performance estimate.
In addition, the signal intensity minus the local background for each spot must be greater than 100, or greater than 3x the standard deviation of the local background (surrounding each spot).
The standard deviation HU value of the surrounding air is often used for the estimation of noise.
The apparent signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was calculated as SI nerve)/SD (SI fat)), where SI nerve) is the signal intensity (SI) of the nerve and SD (SI fat) is the standard deviation of the SI of surrounding fat.
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