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These deviations of the sample from the entire population should be considered when generalizing the results obtained from this analysis.
So, if one adopts the strategy of accepting as true the claim that the population frequency is within two standard deviations of the sample frequency, and if one uses this strategy repeatedly for various samples, one should be right about 95% of the time.
We first generated descriptive statistics (proportions, means and standard deviations) of the sample characteristics and outcomes.
In this method, the sum of the deviations of the sample means from the combined sample mean is normalized to the combined sample SD (see Table 1).
To ensure the representativeness of the study results, deviations of the sample from the population structure regarding age, gender, region and country of citizenship oversampling procedures were used.
Differences in HRQOL scores between patients with and without AUD were then quantified into Cohen's effect size, which is defined as the magnitude of differences divided by standard deviations of the sample measurements.
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Specifically, when a system is subjected to small deviations of the sampling points (operating points), it is of great interest to find the maximum tolerance of the system, which we refer to as the system's robustness.
If we consider the Gaussian likelihood function, uncertainties of unknown parameters are evaluated by the standard deviations of the sampled points at τ i ≤ 2 (sigma^{2}), where (sigma^{2}) is the variance of (log left( {rA_{text{max} } } right)).
To assess the truth of the null hypothesis we have compared the mean expression of the marker genes representing each phenotype proposed by the hypothesis (test sample) with the mean expression of randomly sampled similar-size cluster of genes (random or permuted sample) by comparison of the means using standard deviations of the samples (see Material and Methods for details).
Samples exceeding the mean expression level plus three standard deviations of the samples of healthy tissues were considered positive.
The effect sizes were measured by the difference between the means of the samples divided by the mean of the standard deviations of the samples [ 29].
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