To show how the smart grid impressively affects the network performance regards to conventional network, the DDGs are also programed in order to minimize the voltage deviation of the network.
Following the construction phase of the networks, the output was reproduced (network output) and the network was trained on input and output data until the deviation of the network output from the actual output was very small.
For each chosen network in the upper level, the connections are sent to the lower level, where corresponding ρ ij are optimized to maximize network prediction and hence minimize deviation of the network predictions from the observables.
Consequently, the degree of specialization of the entire network (corresponding to the deviation of the network-wide entropy from its maximum value) equals the weighted sum of the specialization of its elements (species).
This process was repeated 1,000 times, and the average values and standard deviations of the corresponding network properties are shown.
Compared with the experimental data, the average, mean and root-mean-square deviations of the trained neural network are 2.5%, 13.0% and 20.3%, respectively, and approximately 74% of the deviations are within ±20%, which is much better than that of the existing generalized correlations.
Combining the average standard deviation of the monitoring network and the marine environmental quality, the number of monitoring sites is increased from 42 to 59 by kriging variance analysis method, which can improve the quality of marine environmental monitoring network.
The observed modularity score is then converted into a z-score, or scaled modularity score to measure the deviation of the observed network from its random null model [30].
In order to compute the deviation of the current network-wide load from its target load in (4), we first determine the current network-wide load ℓ[k] based on (3) as follows: ℓ [ k ] = r [ k ] - C [ k ]. (5).
In this method, different objective functions such as the electrical energy costs, active power losses of the distribution system, sum of voltage deviations at the nodes of the network as well as the total CO2 emissions of fuel fired electric generating units were utilized in the literature as the policies to accomplish the VVC scheme [11, 12, 13, 14, 15].
