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The deviations of observations from the idealized expectations, and the high levels of graph complexity both point to potential transitions among landform types as being the dominant phenomenon, rather than canalization along a particular evolutionary pathway.
However, only four of these studies reported means and standard deviations of observations on children in project and control areas.
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The use of 100 iterations enabled the bootstrap computation of confidence intervals based on the standard deviation of observations across the iterations of each scenario.
Algorithm performance was assessed by smoothing the simulated data using a given model and calculating the median relative deviation of observations from the fit for each timepoint in each experiment.
σ ^ y is the deviation of observation signal estimated by (22) σ ^ y 2 = 1 M ∑ y i ∈ N (k ) | y i | 2, where M is the size of the neighborhood N(k).
The means and standard deviations of the observations are given in Table 1.
With two or more persons evaluating the radiographs and the histological sections respectively, the interobserver variation and consequently the standard deviations of the observations presented in Table 2, would decrease.
Mean (standard deviation) [number of observations].
In Additional file 2, the descriptive statistics on each of the items (means, standard deviations and number of observations) are presented.
Using this, the difference between an observed value and a participant's true value is expected to be less than two standard deviations for 95% of observations.
Not surprisingly, the mean (standard deviation) length of observation was shorter for the second course of anti-TNF therapy (1.3 (0.8) person-years) compared with that of the first course (2.3 (0.9) person-years).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com