X n, out of a size n, which follows a natural tendency of normal distribution between the variance in σ2 and μ, with μ denoting mean population, and σ being the standard deviation in the population.
A change of an independent variable by one standard deviation in the population implies an odds ratio of 1.65.
HSDS (Height SDS) is the distance between the individual's height and the population's mean height for age and sex, divided by the standard deviation in the population for the same age and sex: [Individual's height - mean population's height for the same age and sex]/population's SD for the same age and sex.
To ensure sufficient sample power to provide an 80% confidence level in determining actual change above 10.5%, the MDC90 for the DASH, the Dawson and Trapp method was used [ 48] where required, sample size (n) is: (U1-U0) = clinically important difference between the means; SD = standard deviation in the population.
In the first step, the eight sub-dimensions of the self-administered SF-36 Portuguese version were normalized (z-scores: mean = 0; standard-deviation = 1) using the means and the standard-deviations obtained in the population of Porto in each sub-dimension of SF-36.
For a pair of genes, a and b, the Syn score is the weighted average product of this residual divergence rate (D-D′) as follows: (7) Syn = 1 3 ∑ i = 1 3 (D a i − D ′ i ) × (D b i − D ′ i ) SD i 2 where i is the population and SD i is the standard deviation of divergence rate in the population i.
It is measured using the child's height-for-age standard deviation or z-score which is the difference between the height of a child and the median height of a child of the same age and sex in a well-nourished reference population, divided by the standard deviation in the reference population.
A HAZ is the difference between the height of a child and the median height of a child of the same age and sex in a well-nourished reference population divided by the standard deviation in the reference population.
BMI z-scores were calculated by subtracting the BMI for each child from the mean BMI in the fixed reference population, and dividing the result by the standard deviation in the reference population.
This can be understood by noting that the ranks, which are computed for the pooled set of all available quantitative trait measurements, in general reduces the influence of skewness and deviations from normality in the population distribution [ 39, 40].
