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Then different Gaussian noise with the standard deviation varying from 0 to 0.2 is respectively added to images.
Finally, we perform lowpass filtering using a rotationally symmetric Gaussian filter of size 3 × 3 with standard deviation varying from 0.1 to 0.6.
The seed particles were then changed to a log normal size distribution with a relative standard deviation varying from 0.134 to 0.389.
The MLE provides an estimation about the GPS noise (assumed as zero-mean Gaussian process) with the standard deviation varying from 6 mm to 16 mm in the test day.
Firstly, distorted by different densities of salt-and-pepper noise varying from 0%to5%5% with interval 0.25%, secondly, corrupted by Gaussian noise with zero mean and standard deviation varying between 0 and 0.5 with step 0.05. Figure 8 a, b depicts the robustness of RTMI, RKMI, and RdHMI against salt-and-pepper and Gaussian noise, respectively.
To investigate the effect of random noise on the center positioning, 11 frames of Newton's ring interference fringes containing four closed rings are generated by numerical method, which added to an independent Gaussian white noise with a mean value of zero and standard deviation varying from 0 to 0.2.
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The method gave good levels of repeatability with relative standard deviations varying between 2.8 and 8.8% (n = 6).
The method showed a good level of repeatability, with relative standard deviations varying between 2.3 and 8.3% (n = 5).
This improvement of accuracy led to highly reproducible extraction results with the standard deviations varying by less than 1.2%.
The detection limits ranged from 0.11 to 0.23 μg kg−1 with relative standard deviations varying in the range of 3.6 9.2% (intra-batch) and 6.9 12.1% (inter-batch), respectively.
In fact, for the (C_{rm {max}}) criterion, our GATSHM outperforms the BBO in 12 out of 14 instances, see Fig. 10, with deviations varying from 0.430 to 4.805%.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com