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In the former, the causes are the inputs of the system and the effects are the outputs, the deviation or error between the desired output, which is a priori, and the actual output is feedback via the control system, which is dedicated to reduce the error.
Figure 7 Average pollution concentration in zones for number of updates up to 20, 40, 60 and 80% of detector count as σ. Figure 8 shows the maximum deviation (or error) of the concentration calculated, in relation to the pollution observed with no QoD, when varying σ from 10to100%0%, meaning triggering execution only when there is new input for all sensors.
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Further analysis showed that overall only 70% (174/247) of papers that used a statistical method described the method employed, and also presented the numerical results with a measure of variation (e.g. standard deviation) or an error measure (e.g. standard error of the mean [SEM] or confidence interval [CI]; see Table 17).
Rahm Emanuel's message on the G8 and Nato meetings has been loud and clear – and chilling: the DEA, FBI, ATF, DOJ, state police and many other law enforcement agencies will be out in force; it will be harder to comply with the protest laws; and any deviations or errors will be costlier and punished.
IVD is extremely important in brachytherapy as an independent method for detection of deviations or errors.
Inconsistencies (eg, lack of standard deviations or errors) in data reporting precluded a pooled analysis of all studies.
We calculate uncertainty and error bars based on either standard deviation, or standard error or on a confidence interval (at a level of confidence of 95%%).
Results are given as percentages or mean ± standard deviation or standard error of the mean.
Values were expressed as mean and standard deviation or standard error.
Continuous data were summarized by mean and standard deviation or standard error.
Results are the mean of at least three independent experiments ± standard deviation or standard error.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com