For skewing, we used both the angle of deviation of the root tip from the vertical and a ratio known as horizontal growth index (HGI) (Grabov et al. 2005; Figure 2 ; Materials and Methods).
The mean and standard deviation of the angle between the tip of the initial and final files were 0.93° ± 2.48° in the Reciproc Group, 0.84° ± 1.94° in the Preflaring + Reciproc Group, 0.40° ± 1.14° in the WaveOne Group, and 0.83° ± 2.20° in the Preflaring + WaveOne Group.
The mean and standard deviation of the random error for torque, tip, and linear measurements of the maxilla and of the mandible were calculated.
The implant placement accuracy was calculated by comparing the pre- and post-implant placement coordinates of the entry point (shoulder), apex (tip) and angular deviation of the implants.
Accuracy was assessed by calculating the coordinates of the entry point (shoulder) and apex (tip) as well as the angular deviation of the planned and actual implants.
Locate the sections of the tip.
If not, check some of the tips.
