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where σ is the standard deviation of the heights of sample points.
The standard deviation of the heights of all the peaks was then calculated and those troughs that had a height more than 8 times the standard deviation were considered as R spike candidates.
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The replicate analyses of the pool also provided an estimate of the coefficient of variation associated with each peak, that is, the standard deviation of the peak height across pool replicates normalized to mean peak height.
The array uniformity can be described by the standard deviation of the height and the radius of curvature [26].
Average roughness is defined as the average deviation of the height values from the mean height (Stout et al., 1993; Brune et al., 1997; Webb et al., 2012).
In the case of the standard deviation of the height, different behavior was observed for each study site, with significant differences observed in SNM but not in SdM.
Moreover, while the differences in the standard deviation of the height were less than 15 cm when derived from the echo-based model, they were larger than 1 m when derived from the CHM in SNM and BCI.
Sq expresses the standard deviation of the height values within the image, Sdq the root mean square average of the local surface slopes within the sampling area and Sdr the increment of the interfacial surface area relative to the area of the projected (flat) x-y plane (Stout et al. [1993]).
Similarly, while differences in fractional cover (FC) or the standard deviation of the height (StdH) were significantly different from zero for any point density or data model in SNM, in BCI and SdM the differences were only significant for the lowest point density (1 point m−2).
Mean (standard deviation) of age of the participants was 38.1 (11), and the mean (standard deviation) of the height was 165 (9.6) cm.
The simulations were repeatedly conducted to test the effects of the average asperity height, the standard deviation of the asperity heights, the length of the sample, and the material constants.
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