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The absorption efficiency and the deviation of the absorption distribution are both evaluated for a typical solid-state laser medium.
However, precise fabrication of such nanostructures is not easy in reality; that is, unavoidable errors always occur to some extent in the dimension of fabricated nanostructures, causing an undesirable deviation of the absorption performance between the designed structure and the actually fabricated one.
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The standard deviation of the retrieved absorption coefficients over the 150 values of noise gives a realistic estimate of uncertainty due to both instrumental and physiological noises.
Due to the low standard deviation of the blank, absorption was above blank value + 5 × SD for all measured dye concentrations and, hence, was distinguishable from blank absorption.
Results are provided to the user by direct graphical output to the screen and by output images and data files, including the average and standard deviation of the X-ray absorption spectrum.
The obvious deviation of absorption and scattering coefficients obtained by the Kubelka Munk model from those values calculated by four-flux and two-flux models indicates that surface reflection is an important parameter which cannot be neglected when characterizing the radiative property of the coating.
The small standard deviations in the absorption parameters demonstrate limited variation in absorption between individuals and in comparison with previous 25(OH)D3 absorption studies (Table 2).
Furthermore, there is also a corresponding reduction in the standard deviation of the error percentages for both scattering and absorption parameters on application of LS-SVM regression.
Optical properties of ABS plastic were measured with IAD in the range of wavelengths 450 to 800 nm, as plotted in Fig. 5. Average value and standard deviation of absorption and reduced scattering coefficients were calculated and indicated in the figure.
When the ESS is applied to balance the wind power forecasting deviations, the absorption or production energy of the ESS is determined by both the magnitude and sequence of the prediction errors, as formulated in (10).
The absorption spectra of the corresponding cones R, each coded by a single opsin gene with two alleles, were assumed to exhibit a normal distribution (Fig. 5a) for simplicity (standard deviation of the distribution was set at 24), although the exact shape of absorption spectra of visual pigments has a shoulder.
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