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The two lists are combined to associate manufacturing failures with the deviation of product quality.
Product superiority is quantified by property optimality while product robustness is measured by the deviation of product property from the expected property prediction range.
The quadratic loss function is widely used in the literature as a reasonable approximation of the actual loss to the customer due to the deviation of product performance from its target value.
Determine lead time demand variance and standard deviation of product i at distribution center l from the following relation: VL 3 il = ∑ m Y lm × D im 2 × Var T ikl, Open image in new window (3.27) σ 3 il = VL 2 il.
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Environmental variations may come from raw materials, manufacturing processes, and/or operational environments, which can cause deviations of product functions.
The proposed method makes a good prediction of both repeatable and unexpected deviations of product shape, thus providing the designer with meaningful information for design improvement.
This paper presents a formulation of the facilities block layout problem which explicitly considers uncertainty in material handling costs on a continuous scale by use of expected values and standard deviations of product forecasts.
By applying the stochastic analysis, uniform design and RSM, the mean and the standard deviation (SD) of product quality are calculated as functions of the controllable process parameters.
In addition, the standard deviation of the product of these time derivatives is also considered.
Four important issues are considered in developing control schemes, including: (1) economics; (2) steady-state deviation of key product purities; (3) controllability in terms of degree of oscillation and settling time; and (4) feasible region of disturbances for effective control.
It is found that, while being subjected to fluctuations in the composition of the acid feed or in the production flow-rate, sensor location based on traditional open-loop sensitivity causes a larger overshoot and steady-state deviation of key product purities.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com