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For most HVS-based methods, the amount of embedded data is based on the measurement of differences of pixel pairs or the standard deviation of image blocks.
These features included: mean image intensity, standard deviation of image intensity, skewness, kurtosis, and entropy.
For the analysis the following definition of a contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) is used: (5) CNR = max (A ) − min (A ) σ 0, where A denotes a set of image values in a region of interest (ROI) in a projection and σ0 is the standard deviation of image values in a flat region, i.e. the pure image noise.
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Refer to Table 6, the standard deviation of images produced by the LCS, CLAHE, LCC, and AGC algorithms is quite close to that of the original image.
where R and D are two nonnegative image signals to be compared, and are the means of images R and D, and are standard deviation of images R and D, respectively, and is covariance of images R and D, and are constants.
All three selected attribute sets included standard deviations of image and/or EPCA values, suggesting the utility of object texture in dynamic class discrimination.
where is the mean of the image ; is the standard deviation of the image ; is the covariance of the image and image ; are the constants.
Figure 22 Averaged values and standard deviation of objective image metrics for EEFB on Kodak IDB images.
Figure 16 Mean values and standard deviation of objective image metrics for CSOP encrypted Kodak Image Database images.
The threshold value is computed as mean plus standard deviation of the image intensity (see Figure 3(b)).
In this process, the standard deviation of the image was subtracted from each element of the image.
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