Table 2 Synoptic table (mean value, min-max values and standard deviation) of elements concentration (ng m -3 ) determined in PM 2.5 in downtown Rome (LOD: limit of detection; * expressed as pg m -3 ; ** expressed as μg m -3 ) Element PM2.5 Mean Min-Max St. dev.
Relative deviation of each element concentration from the original value was calculated as follows: [(Concentration in black gouge − Original value)/Original value] × 100.
The distance between each surrogate parent and the medoid of both clusters is calculated as the average absolute deviation of the elements in the row of the symmetrical matrix from the corresponding element in the medoid vector.
In the temperature calculation of fuel elements, several uncertain factors are considered carefully, including non-uniform burnup, power distribution deviation, manufacture deviation of fuel elements, graphite balls mixed with fuel balls in the core, calculation deviation of heat transfer and so on.
If X is a matrix, std(X) returns a row vector containing the standard deviation of the elements of each column of X.
Average concentration values, minimum and maximum levels and standard deviation of the elements determined in the PM2.5 fraction are shown in Table 2 whereas the correlation coefficients of the analyzed elements are reported in Table 3.
If X is a multidimensional array, std(X) is the standard deviation of the elements along the first non-singleton dimension of X. S = 1 n - 1 ∑ i = 1 n X i - X ¯ 2 1 2 S = 1 n ∑ i = 1 n X i - X ¯ 2 1 2 X ¯ = 1 n ∑ i = 1 n X i. B = any(A) tests whether any of the elements along various dimensions of an array is a nonzero number or is logical 1 (true).
Variance minimization methods : define clusters as blocks in the matrix with minimal deviation of their elements.
Therefore, we quantified the distance between T and G by calculating the standard deviation of the element-wise difference between the two matrices, i.e., σ = v a r (T i j − G i j ).
The Gaussian window around both Gabors and noise elements had a standard deviation of 0.4°, and elements were presented at 50% Michelson contrast.
