If a closed or open eye is not determined in the first two steps, then in the third step, the standard deviation of distance between upper and lower eyelids is obtained and is compared to a threshold to determine the eye state.
The standard deviation of distance variation (STDDV) between an atomic pair (i, j) is given by (3) S i j = N N − 1 〈 (d i j − 〈 d i j 〉 ) 2 〉, where N is the number of atoms, 〈〉 denotes the average over a trajectory, and S ij is measured in nm.
Specifically, the mean and standard deviation of distances between model and field boundaries are used to quantify proximity and conformity, respectively.
Table 1 Mean and standard deviation of distances (millimeter) between the mandibular landmarks and the axial plane observed at the three time-point evaluations.
With this algorithm, the presence of circular features can be detected by checking whether the standard deviation of distances from the center of an object is smaller than a certain threshold.
RMSF of a given residue is the standard deviation of distances between the position of the residue in each solution of the cluster and its position in the cluster center.
However, this test has many flaws including disagreement about the normal values, the quality with which it is conducted, high standard deviation of distances walked and large minimally important difference of over 40 meters [ 5].
Specifically, our instrument for market structure is the standard deviation of distances from GPs to their nearest four hospitals, conditional the on the distance to the patient's nearest hospital (a control which we introduce in order to control for potential urban/rural differences in GP location).
Meanwhile, a and b show the comparison between MCB and UKF-SCI algorithms under the case of standard deviations of distance σ d =0.3(m); b and d show the comparison between MCB and UKF-SCI algorithms under the case of standard deviations of distance σ d =0.4(m) Fig. 4 The comparison of azimuth and distance RMSE at different standard deviations of distance, with CV model.
Meanwhile, a and b show the comparison between MCB and UKF-SCI algorithms under the case of standard deviations of distance σ d =0.3(m); b and d show the comparison between MCB and UKF-SCI algorithms under the case of standard deviations of distance σ d =0.4(m) Fig. 6 The comparison of azimuth and distance RMSE at different standard deviations of distance, with CT model of turn rate 2.5°/s.
There are two sub-figures (a) and (b) in this figure, in which, under the CT model of turn rate 2.5°/s., the changes of fusion RMSE of azimuth and distance are described along with different standard deviations of distance.
