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Where μ k and s k are the mean and standard deviation of asset x k and α is the weight for each variable x k for the first principal component.
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A measure of risk based on the standard deviation of the asset return.
Historical volatility is calculated by using the standard deviation of underlying asset price changes from close to close trading going back 21 to 23 days.
Project E has less going for it than project F. It is in region 4 and deserves some attention because, with a year to go and the moderate standard deviation of its underlying asset return (Ï = 0.3 per year), it just might make it.
In another version of the task, subjects were provided with the expected return and standard deviation of the risky asset.
(sigma ) (ROA) is the standard deviation of return on assets from (t-2) to t.
Volatility of an asset or market index is measured as the standard deviation of returns for that asset or market index.
The call option is a function of the exercise price, A, the time to maturity, T, and the standard deviation of the return on the underlying asset, STD.
The obtained theoretical results are applied to financial portfolios, verifying that deviation probability of the return to portfolios of many securities is asymptotically robust against the distributions of asset specific idiosyncratic risks.
The asset index, A i, for individual i is defined as follows: where a ik is the value of asset k for household i, a k is the sample mean, s k is the sample standard deviation, and f k are the factor scores or weights associated with the first principal component.
Costs paid for preparation of asset installation.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com