In the next section, we propose an improved estimation for the sample standard deviation by incorporating the additional information of the sample size.
The error term incorporates deviation of the observed and predicted line means in addition to any epistatic effects that could not be estimated directly because of a limited number of degrees of freedom.
In consequence, as argued in [ 64], the sensitivity deviation can be incorporated as an additional penalty term to the best-fit objective function, reflecting the hypothesis that the best inference should have a small error in both state transition and sensitivity.
The radiography case illustrated that short-run deviations can indeed be very substantial, as incorporating these deviations changed the cost-effectiveness outcome from favorable to unfavorable [ 2].
The overflow probability estimation model is derived by applying the large deviation principle [24], which incorporates both the queue fullness and its variation.
By incorporating the deviations from the estimated cluster means we have, in effect, double-counted the within-cluster variance.
The duplicates analysed by incorporating these deviations in the method showed good trueness and acceptable duplicates, indicating that the tested processes are robust.
To account for measurement errors in drug concentrations, normally distributed residual errors with mean 0 and standard deviation of 20% were incorporated using a proportional error structure (i.e.e ).e
Because the various sources of deviation from HWE are incorporated into the single parameter ρ, the estimation of ρ itself is more sensitive to violation of model assumptions; therefore, it is important to be careful when interpreting the estimated value of ρ, as it may reflect phenomena other than inbreeding.
Finally, regressive expectations incorporate deviations of the exchange rate with respect to a long-run equilibrium value.
