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The third GRADE criterion indirectness refers to any deviation in the research question or its operationalization between studies that are included in a systematic review; in other words, differences may be found in the PICOs (population characteristics, interventions, control interventions, or in outcome measures).
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These factors, coupled with time error of specimen collection, and different specimen storage time, resulted in the large standard deviation of the research data being too large.
Three measures of reliability are explored and incorporated in the estimation of the models: standard deviation (a classical measure in the research literature); shortened right range (typically found in departure time choice models); and interquartile range (75th 25th percentile).
In case of a serious protocol deviation, the research team will assess the possibility of withdrawing the patient from the study.
Such deviations from the approved protocol can have grave consequences, both in terms of the safety of research participants and in public trust in the research enterprise.
The error bars are the standard deviation in the measurements.
The Danish island of Bornholm is a geographical deviation in the Baltic Sea.
We calculated the total standard deviation of location data – average of latitude and longitude standard deviation – in the week prior to clinical assessment.
The average translational deviation in the positioning of two nanowires with respect to each other is 16 +/- 13 mum, and the average angular deviation is 3 +/- 2 degrees.
To illustrate this, Figure 4 shows the variation (relative standard deviation) in the number of daily sessions.
The standard deviation in the top layer is relatively large.
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