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The first one corresponds to an area with several spherical silver nanoparticles with different diameters, but with a clear Gaussian distribution centered at 22.5 ± 7.2 nm, where the associated error corresponds to the standard deviation given by the curve fitting and the diameter distribution.
The pre-lesion performance is represented by the average value (horizontal solid line) and a limit for a statistically significant deviation given by the average pre-lesion total time + 2SDs (horizontal dashed line).
For each randomly generated equation, the values of the intercept and the slope were independent realizations of normally distributed random variables, with mean and standard deviation given by the expected value and standard error of the corresponding parameter in the original (data-driven) regression equation.
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The 95% confidence intervals are obtained directly from the estimation of the standard deviations given by the ANOVA.
Differences in diversity between ploidy levels and between taxa were assessed by two sided T-tests computed using the standard deviations given by Arlequin.
The randomized genomes contain, on average, fewer IRs than the S. cerevisiae genome, with means and standard deviations given by μRA = 89,109, σRA = 337, and μR = 91,008, σR = 298.
All individuals from the initial population were assigned genetic values for the four evolving traits c0, c1, c2, and c3 following normal distributions with mean values given by the trait values implied by the initial population-level PMigRN (Fig. 2A) and standard deviations given by the assumed initial genetic coefficient of variation.
Projecting a moderate (f = 0.25) and even a small (f = 0.10) intervention effect size (mean divided by standard deviation), given an alpha of 0.05 and a 25% attrition rate, the study proposed an initial sample size of 300 families per group to detect any significant difference between the four groups (power was 0.99 and 0.72, respectively).
Statisticians have shown that the mean of the sampling distribution of x̄ is equal to the population mean, μ, and that the standard deviation is given by σ/√n, where σ is the population standard deviation.
randomly distributed data) we expect γi to follow a Gaussian distribution with mean μ and standard deviation σ, given by: These expressions follow from the mean and standard deviation of the difference between two uniformly distributed continuous random variables.
The standard deviation is given by σ = ∑ i = 1 N b x i − x ¯ 2 N b − 1 (21).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com