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**ES, effect size = (intervention mean change – usual care mean change)/pooled standard deviation for change.
The statistical coefficients used were based on group-level effect sizes, including the mean response (SRM: mean change/standard deviation for change).
The standard deviation for change in score is S√[2 1-R)] where R is the correlation between the two timepoints.
The within-child standard deviation for change on the PEDI scale was set at 7. This value is based on data reported in the PEDI manual, and data from Ketelaar et al. [ 33].
Data from our previous 3-month study in prostate cancer patients indicates that the standard deviation for change in our primary outcome of sexual health equates to ~22 points on the QLQ-PR25 sexual activity domain [ 26].
A sample-size calculation suggested that that 60 patients/group was necessary to detect a 7% change in the NDI with a standard deviation for change of 13 with a 20% β-error (power 1- β = 080%) and an α-error of 0.05.
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If a study only reported the means and standard deviations for the baseline and follow-up measurements for each group, we needed to calculate the means and standard deviations for change in the outcome for these groups [ 31, 32].
Data from our 36-week study [ 15] in prostate cancer survivors initiating ADT indicates that the standard deviation (SD) for change in our primary outcome of BMD equates to approximately 4.5% and 3.3%, for the hip and lumbar spine, respectively.
If studies did not report the standard deviation (SD) for change, it was calculated assuming that the correlation between the pre- and post-test variances was equal to the average correlation found in available studies.
Statistically significant reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and BMI were also found across both cohorts.> -wrap-foot> Varees are given as mean ± standard deviation, except for change values, which are given as mean (95 % CI) Figure 2 shows the percentage change in the prescribing of OADs from pre-insulin to the end of the 24-week study.
A summary of the training program for the three exercise groups is presented in Figure 2. Data from our 20-week [ 20] and 36-week [ 28] preliminary studies in prostate cancer patients indicate that the standard deviation (SD) for change in our primary outcome of BMD equates to ~4.8%, 3.3%, and 2.5% for the hip, lumbar spine, and total body, respectively.
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